Автор: СЕРЕБРЯКОВ КИРИЛЛ ДМИТРИЕВИЧ / SEREBRYAKOV KIRILL DMITRIEVICH
Introduction
Annotation. The purpose of this material is to form such an analytical base that would allow us to take a fresh look at the processes of formation of the principles of new state management, to provide material for further empirical and research search in the environment of important structural changes crowned with managerial reforms in developed countries of the world, as well as for their practical and strategic application within the framework of Russian realities. An important part of the material is considered to be the application of the provisions of the new state management to those paradoxes of efficiency and rationality in the capitalist economy that affect politics, which were identified by representatives of the ecological scientific paradigm Weizsacker and Lovins. There is a resolution of a number of emerging paradoxes, but questions are raised regarding axiological aspects. An attempt is made to give a comprehensive recommendation on the transformation of the energy sector from the standpoint of the considered paradigmatic principles in the long term, which is directly a strategic component of the work.
Relevance of the research topic. The global world, the formation of which is taking place before our eyes (the complication of structures, the emergence of new political actors capable of influencing politics, the modernization and correction of the role and functions of the state, seeking to try itself in new areas in search of maximum efficiency and usefulness, etc.), carries a deep transformational message, which makes it necessary and it is relevant to address and summarize the material that is already available both in the field of studying the problems of rationalism in the economy of capitalist society, so it is from the standpoint of the principles of the new state management, which every year more and more governments of developed and developing countries of the world take up arms to optimize their administrative and coordinating work.
With the development of various industries and spheres of social life aimed at the long-term perspective, it is necessary to understand which of the current trends will become "reference points" of new development, how they will transform the sphere and how the social organism will look like by 2100 in these conditions. It becomes really necessary to systematize the available theoretical material, the practical experience of foreign colleagues and partners, to trace potential convergence paths with other theoretical developments to increase the indicators of expected effects, to draw up a strategic map to address emerging issues in the field of national governance and economics. At the same time, consideration of the energy sphere – a pain point for many futurologists – is an optimal example of the application of such an analysis. The energy sector, being essentially a public sector of the economy, has the potential to enter full-fledged private mechanisms, while maintaining its former essence, which may by the beginning of the new century lead to a global regrouping of economic agents, total rationalization of the industry and satisfaction of all stakeholders, especially the population, who will see a gradual reduction in their electricity bills and at the same time to join and independently develop technologies for the conservation of natural biodiversity, etc.
The object of this research is managerialism as a special and generalized format of practices, a set of ideas, philosophy included in the structure of political and public administration, national economy, the subject is theoretical concepts formed in recent years that reveal the essence of managerialism, as well as gravitating in their programmatic requirements to this category (with their potential for strategic application to the field of managerial solutions).
Goals and objectives of the work. The purpose of this study is to provide the most comprehensive consideration of the ecocapitalist and managerial (with an emphasis on the new state management) paradigms, the ability to resolve emerging paradoxes and conflicts within the capitalist system when they are jointly applied, as well as linking the theoretical developments obtained with the objective practice of Russian managerial and economic reality in the conditions of the forecast of the energy industry.
To achieve this goal , the following tasks were set:
1. To consider and analyze modern concepts of managerialism (with an emphasis on the new state management, as well as on referring to its successor concepts – management of public values and quality management), basic principles and ideas, potential, ability to solve emerging management problems;
2. Similarly, consider and analyze the possibilities of the ecocapitalist paradigm;
3. To determine the possibilities of a convergence effect from the merger of the two paradigms under consideration as regulators of the paradoxes that have arisen in the capitalist environment;
4. Based on the data obtained, to build a long-term descriptive predictive and recommendatory model for applying the principles of both paradigms within the framework of modern Russian reality in relation to the energy industry, which is a strategic component of this work.
The theoretical basis of the research is the ideas and principles of public administration, political management, economics, other social sciences, philosophy, developments of post-non-classical science. To study the stated topic, research and concepts developed by Western and domestic specialists were used. The works were a necessary condition for the formation of the theoretical basis of the study, its factual content, and became the conceptual basis.
To solve the tasks set in the work, research methods such as analysis for systematization of factual material are used. In addition to the method stated above, synthesis is also used (checking the possibility of binding theoretical layers). We also consider it appropriate to turn to the multi-paradigm approach (or pluralistic methodology), partly to the post-behavioral approach, for the fullest possible disclosure of the stated topic, therefore, the comparative method is a common method of research, generalization and allocation of general ideas are used.
The scientific and practical significance of the results obtained is to enrich the heuristic potential of the new state management based on these data, taken by Russian state managers as the basis of the latest administrative reforms. To show that this paradigm gets along with various "effective" developments of other researchers from the academic environment, and the resulting recommendation set of practices can solve paradoxes and lacunae arising within the modern capitalist system, demonstrate the effectiveness that Russian reformers and affiliated persons expect from the principles of the new state management. It is also an excellent platform for demonstrating the changes of entire sectors of the economy in the distant future, showing an entertaining, but quite applicable model of transformation of these industries (in particular, energy) on the path of rationalization, high efficiency and meeting the needs of all players in the conditions of capitalism.
The structure of the work. The study consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.
The new state management and the ecocapitalist paradigm: points of contact
Perhaps it would be appropriate to start this material with a small Sufi parable about Khoja Nasreddin, which most accurately reveals the main ideological message. One day the mullah was asked which was more important — the Moon or the Sun. "Of course, the Moon!" he replied. — "But why, great Mullah?" — "Yes, because it shines at night, when we especially need light." Of course, one can find fault with the wording a lot, but one thing remains important and unchanged here – Nasreddin's thought about the effective use of available resources, moreover, about understanding this effective use.
Today gives us quite a lot of challenges, dilemmas and problems that need to be solved by the whole of humanity both at the personal and individual level, and from the positions of governments and the entire world community. The objective reduction of the planet's resource base and the technological breakthrough of recent years require an effective approach to the distribution and work with resources, whatever they may be: material, intellectual, temporary, etc.
The concept of new state management (NGM), which was established after administrative reforms in state and political management in a number of countries (Great Britain, USA, Australia, etc.) in the late 1970s, laid the foundations for a market-oriented approach to the decision-making process, and also actualized discussions about the new content of such a complex definition in semantic terms, as "efficiency".
The historical context of the emergence of a new state management can be reduced to a number of crises of the 1970s and 1980s. Firstly, it is the energy crisis of 1973 and the political events of 1979 (the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan and the change of the political regime in Iran). All these realities have demonstrated one important feature: administrative states do not cope with their tasks, and people cease to trust such an organization (the basis for the formation of a coordinating government) [1, p. 26]. Moreover, the processes of the beginning of the collapse of the socialist camp in the late 1980s could not but affect the Western countries, which, fearing a large destructive impact from such changes, began to revise their management systems, already beginning to realize the need for qualitative changes under the auspices of the liberal tradition, viewing the world through the prism of global market relations (as symbolic manifestations of freedom of action) [2, p. 60]. It would also be appropriate here to recall the role of neoconservative governments, which have made a great contribution to the development of a market-oriented approach, transforming the state facade.
A certain market orientation of the origins of the NGM theory formed the necessary grounds for the effective implementation of resources. Also, the transformation of the public sector, a new stage of affiliation of private business and the state (through the public economic bloc), the reorientation of the ossified structure of the bureau into a more labile agency (the main theoretical provisions of the new state management) raised the question of optimization processes in the implementation of government programs and state obligations (in particular, the implementation of the public sector), about which a lot The members of the Club of Rome and ecocapitalists spoke: E. Weizsacker, E. and L. Lovins.
E. Weizsacker and his colleagues noted that such an attribute of the liberal tradition as a market economy does not cope with the tasks assigned to it – achieving effective use of resources and rationalization of subject activity. The goal stated in their book "Factor Four" ("doubling wealth with a twofold reduction in resource consumption" [3, p. 7]) is designed with the help of a system of incentives and restrictions to develop such a level of ecological culture among the population, as well as to build such an optimization model of management (close to the Aristotelian "home economics"), which would allow to cope with the gaps and assumptions that have arisen in the current fundamental economic theory, causing overheating of social systems and adjustment to inefficient activities.
Among the problems of the modern national economy, environmentalists note the reduction in the activity of agents of the informal sector and its actual unjustified depreciation in terms of economic benefits, the presentation of only measurable indicators in the format of reports, the incorrect interpretation of the equivalence of the offer of purchase and sale, the focus on a narrowly oriented approach to values, etc. [4, pp. 198-200]
The new state management as a kind of format of managerial thinking and theoretical and methodological base, which is still applicable at the government level, is able to solve some of the stated problems much more actively than the dying system of classical school administration. Despite the fact that, according to M. Consaidin, the characteristic of managerialism is "an emphasis on measurable results and output" [5, p. 11], NGM in its efficiency model pays great attention to the amount of resources involved, the quality of their use and focus on the final result of public services – the most complete satisfaction of the need.
Through the development of the principles of participation and transparency, involving private business and local communities, it was possible to begin the process of fundamentally qualitative reorganization of the public sector, allowing to extract financial and resource benefits from unprofitable industries, for example, the electric power industry (the US case of the 1970s-1990s), which is mentioned in the concept of the "non-watt revolution" in the named ecocapitalist work [6, pp. 120-128].
The evolution of the new state management and the separation of the following two scientific theories from it – the management of public values and quality management – continued the process of "struggle" with the lacunae of capitalism. For example, through the development of ideas of the second direction, the emphasis in evaluating efficiency shifts from the results of activities with a given amount of resources to the process of implementing public services with its further improvement (the so-called Deming cycle) [7, p. 93], which sets the dynamic nature of processes and flexibility to changes in the external environment. The emphasis on the informal sector, strengthening and expanding the axiological framework lies in the development of publicity aimed at avoiding "value failure" [8].
However, the new state management (in its "pure" form) has not completely freed itself from the procedural framework of public administration, which found a response in S. Kuhlman's criticism [9, p. 1128], administrative reforms of the last quarter of the XX century in the first world countries could not drown out the significance of negative informal practices, and incentive tactics did not find its proper application, which sets the NGM new vectors for the development of both its tools and the ideological field (the same management of public values).
New State management and the eco-capitalist paradigm: a strategic component
Usually environmental projects are considered not as a driver of the economy, but as an extremely costly type of social responsibility of industry and business, so there is little enthusiasm for a resource-efficient approach on the part of important economic and political players, hence the stereotype about the impossibility of building so-called ecocapitalism, such a form of greening of life, habitat that would work not just according to market laws (resonating with the concept of sustainable development and the theory of NGM), but would also comply with their main idealistic message – efficiency through rationality.
The answer must be sought in the reaction of a number of energy companies to the two oil shocks of the 1970s (the Arab embargo of 1973 and the Iranian revolution of 1979), which called for such a strong-willed turn to increase the efficiency of the use of materials in a situation of rising inflation and fuel prices, in order to reduce economic risks and, moreover, this situation is not possible. Also important is the concept of the "non-watt revolution", which was briefly described above, and which was able to transform the California energy sector into a profitable industry (a number of solutions from this case, taking into account the time component and various national contexts, will be outlined below)
Moreover, the work of the energy industry with the advent of nuclear technologies and the use of a general economic approach already by the 1980s proved to be untenable: it is difficult to comply with managerial and other potentials, and it also turned out quite quickly that the construction of large power plants with colossal productive forces of kilowatt-hours does not allow saving on scale, turning such energy-productive giants in "white elephants" (an economic burden, if you refer to the Thai idiom).
During this period, the principle of least cost arose, the essence of which is that energy companies can compare all options for providing this service to the end user, choose the cheapest of them and buy it or help the consumer do it. This principle requires its own base, which consists in introducing the most comprehensive analysis of alternatives to cheaper use of available resources, as well as market-prevailing steps to implement these analyses, coupled with changes in technical conditions for utilities.
It is necessary to legislate the practice of the so-called "decoupling" of the profits received with the electricity sold (for the first time such a format was adopted at the California subnational level in 1980): because when selling more energy than expected, the excess amounts did not go to the company, but were entered into the general balance sheet controlled and levied by the tax authorities, in while when selling a smaller amount of energy, the amount from this balance was withdrawn and went to cover the resulting economic losses. Thus, speculation on approximate forecasts of generated electricity (and hence approximate prices) was excluded, and there was also a trend towards more balanced production planning with the further possibility of incentive reorientation of the company.
In order not to get into a stupor with the balance sheet system and the impossibility of obtaining additional profit, the second part of the reform of the legislative framework is needed here, which would consist in the fact that the relevant state bodies began to encourage electricity producers to save additional kilowatts for their consumers, moreover, the encouragement would concern testing, implementation and demonstration of the methods themselves. saving additional energy. Thus, companies that do not have incentives for the production of excess energy are not noticed by the state in any way for working within the limits provided, but in the opposite case they receive preferences (be it tax deductions, direct financing, etc.), would receive incentives to improve the energy-efficient situation.
The authors have used the expression "manufacturing companies" several times, which has no connection with the existing concept of natural monopoly, which is currently on the Russian market, but the concept of "one" conducted wire can be preserved and made it a state monopoly mechanism, but it is necessary to offer private producers to "fill" these wires with energy (with the involvement of to make investments in their activities of investors), who would win special state tenders on special conditions. Interaction between them would be built at the level of specialized regional committees (for example, to create committees on the activities of public utilities by analogy with American ones), and the decision-making model would be formed on the basis of elements of Leiphart's consociative democracy. Such a "marketization" of the sector with the preservation of a "monopoly" person would make it possible to introduce an adversarial component into the administration of a seemingly purely public sector of the economy and would become an important prologue to the construction of eco-capitalism.
It is striking, but for this sector of the economy, savings on electricity production are cheaper than production itself [10, p. 121]. Savings create a serious relief of the burden on costs, with a reduction in prices in the receipt of the end user, which has a somewhat delayed nature of reducing the costs themselves. Thus, a profit is obtained that is able to bring the final balance of the company to a positive value (as well as with the possibility of obtaining state preferences). Having a single transmission line network, it is possible to introduce such a mechanism as the sale of the resulting excess energy with more efficient consumption in the form of a quota to another player in this market, especially, for example, if its electricity production strongly depends on environmental conditions, weather, etc. (so it is possible to exchange between thermal power plants and hydroelectric power plants depending on the conditions of nature and mining). The quota sale system had its own rather interesting and institutionalized history during the period of the Kyoto Protocol.
It is possible to diversify the production of these "private owners" or create consolidated vertically arranged consortia with manufacturers of energy-saving equipment in order to use not only advisory actions in reducing the electricity consumer's bill, but to take quite practice-oriented steps.
Here it is necessary to take into account the initiative from below: it would be appropriate to introduce so-called price discounts to manufacturing companies if consumers themselves support the general focus on reducing energy costs (through self-purchase, for example, more efficient household appliances, etc.), as well as if they themselves offer and implement mechanisms to ensure such cost reduction. This will ensure both consumer confidence and reliable supplier-consumer communication.
The proposed methods are just the tip of the iceberg, which can be used by trying to introduce innovative mechanisms that benefit all market players. Moreover, these ideas fit into the reformist channel in which the Ministry of Energy of Russia, headed by A.V. Novak, works [11].
Conclusion
Summing up the research, it can be noted that the goal has been completed, as well as the tasks. The new state management was considered both from its positive and negative sides. The researchers managed to find a significant convergence effect between the managerial paradigm under consideration and the analyzed ecocapitalist one, which allows us to talk about the appropriateness of drawing up a unified strategic action program and developing such principles that modify the discursive environment, which is a capitalist state, in accordance with the ideological stuffing originally stated by it, solving its paradoxes of efficiency (public sector).
It was noted that the incentive system set with the updated capitalist approach, aimed at the largest possible number of players, despite the client-oriented approach of the theory and principles of NGM, still gets along with the market paradigm (areas of maximum openness) and is able to achieve the necessary effects aimed at increasing efficiency and introducing incentive education into the analytical base of Deming cycles, This is demonstrated by the example of potential reform and development of the energy sector and energy supply in the long term.
It was noted that this interdependence of the two paradigms is also achieved due to the theoretical and academic development of the theory of NGM and the isolation of new concepts from it that can solve emerging axiological and other gaps that are overlooked with a clear focus on economic processes and methods of decision-making and implementation.
The analysis made it possible to draw up an action plan for the reorganization of the country's energy industry, which is a strategic component of the work. The revealed features of the interaction of NGM and the ecocapitalist paradigm can solve a number of urgent issues (including the self-sufficiency of the industry) and be adopted by Russian reformers in the future. Moreover, already at this stage, some elements of the "puzzle" demonstrated in the descriptive model of the development of the industry have their own representation (reformism A. Novak, an example of a similar industry payback process undertaken within the framework of the studied "non-watt" revolution, etc.), which makes the presented forecast may be partially realized by 2100.
The energy of the future is based on transparent operation of the market, a system of incentives, social engineering and encouragement to work on rationalization and faster rates not so much of the growth of energy production as its conservation.
List of used literature
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